LONGEST SKYPE CALL 2016 TRIAL

TRF is a type of IF that extends the daily fasting period between dinner and breakfast the following morning, and, unlike most forms of IF, it can be practiced either with or without reducing calorie intake and losing weight.

LONGEST SKYPE CALL 2016 TRIAL

To test whether IF can have benefits independent of weight loss, we therefore decided to perform a proof-of-concept trial using a relatively new form of IF called time-restricted feeding (TRF).

Such findings underscore the critical need to determine whether the benefits of interventions such as IF are mediated only through weight loss or through mechanisms that are independent of weight loss. Drawing a parallel to metabolic (bariatric) surgery-which is widely believed to be more effective than conventional caloric restriction-four studies now show that the most popular form of metabolic surgery, called Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, is no better or may be even worse at improving glycemic control than calorie-matched weight loss ( Campos et al., 2010 Isbell et al., 2010 Jackness et al., 2013 Lingvay et al., 2013). However, none of these studies matched food intake and meal frequency nor supervised participants to ensure that they were following the prescribed dietary intervention.

More recently, the longest IF study in humans reported that adults who practiced ADMF for one year were not any healthier than conventional dieters who lost a similar amount of weight, yet they had a higher attrition rate ( Trepanowski et al., 2017b). Later, two better controlled, randomized crossover trials reported that IF did not improve glucose or lipid metabolism ( Carlson et al., 2007 Soeters et al., 2009 Stote et al., 2007). Initially, a single-arm, two-week trial reported that IF improves insulin sensitivity even when participants are approximately weight-stable ( Halberg et al., 2005), but the study was uncontrolled. However, preliminary evidence in humans suggests that the benefits of IF are due mostly or only to weight loss ( Halberg et al., 2005 Harvie et al., 2011 Soeters et al., 2009 Trepanowski et al., 2017b). Indeed, data in rodents suggest that IF improves cardiometabolic endpoints even when food intake and/or body weight is matched to the control group ( Anson et al., 2003 Belkacemi et al., 2012 Hatori et al., 2012 Olsen et al., 2017 Sherman et al., 2012 Woodie et al., 2017 Wu et al., 2011 Zarrinpar et al., 2014). Many have speculated that IF improves cardiometabolic health more than conventional dieting, even when matched for weight loss. However, it was unknown whether these benefits are solely due to weight loss.

Data from these trials suggests that IF has similar benefits in humans: IF can reduce body weight or body fat, improve insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose and/or insulin levels, lower blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and reduce markers of inflammation and oxidative stress ( Bhutani et al., 2013 Brandhorst et al., 2015 Carter et al., 2016 Catenacci et al., 2016 Eshghinia and Mohammadzadeh, 2013 Halberg et al., 2005 Harvie et al., 2013 Harvie et al., 2011 Harvie et al., 2016 Heilbronn et al., 2005a Heilbronn et al., 2005b Hoddy et al., 2016 Hoddy et al., 2014 Johnson et al., 2007 Klempel et al., 2013 Trepanowski et al., 2017b Varady et al., 2009 Varady et al., 2013 Wegman et al., 2015 Wei et al., 2017 Williams et al., 1998). The first clinical trials of IF in humans began about a decade ago, including trials on alternate-day fasting ( Catenacci et al., 2016 Heilbronn et al., 2005a Heilbronn et al., 2005b), alternate-day modified fasting (ADMF) ( Bhutani et al., 2013 Eshghinia and Mohammadzadeh, 2013 Halberg et al., 2005 Hoddy et al., 2016 Hoddy et al., 2014 Johnson et al., 2007 Klempel et al., 2013 Kroeger et al., 2018 Soeters et al., 2009 Trepanowski et al., 2017a Trepanowski et al., 2017b Varady et al., 2009 Varady et al., 2013 Wegman et al., 2015), the 5:2 diet ( Carter et al., 2016 Harvie et al., 2013 Harvie et al., 2011 Harvie et al., 2016), and the fasting-mimicking diet ( Brandhorst et al., 2015 Choi et al., 2016 Wei et al., 2017 Williams et al., 1998). Intermittent fasting (IF)-the practice of alternating periods of eating and fasting-has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for improving multiple cardiometabolic endpoints in rodent models of disease, ranging from insulin sensitivity and ectopic fat accumulation to hard endpoints such as stroke and diabetes incidence ( Antoni et al., 2017 Harvie and Howell, 2017 Mattson et al., 2016 Patterson and Sears, 2017).

Longest skype call 2016